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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1988-0269.Fitzgerald.89-03-20 · C~OWN£MPLOY£~:$ D~ L'ONTAR~O - GRIEVANCE COMMISSION DE SEiTLEMENT REGLEMENT BOARD DES GRIEFS 180 DUNDAS STREET WES7, TO.~ONTO, ONTARIO, MSG 1Zi~. SUtTE ~100 TELEPHONE/T~:L~PNONE 180. RUE DUNDAS OUEST, TORONTO. (ONTARIO) MSG 269/88 IN THE .HATTgR OF AN ARBITRATION THE CROWN EHPLOYEES COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ACT Before · THE GRIEVANCE SETTLEHENT BOARD Between: OPSEU (A. Fitzgerald) Griev0r - and - The Crown in Right of Ontario (Ministry of Correctional Se:vices) Employer Before: M.G. Picher - Vice-Chairperson $.R. Hennessy - Member D.C. Montrose - Member APPEARING FOR Howard Law THE GRIEVOR: Senior Grievance Officer OP$~U APPEARING FOR Joe whibbs TBE EMPLOYER: Regional Personnel Administrator Ministry of Correctional Services ~EARING: September 12, 1988 DECISION This decision is made in respect of the §rievance of Correctional Ofiicer Al Fitzgerald who nile§es that he was denied a position as a Treatment Officer in the Treatment Unit of the Millbrook Correctional Centre, contrary to the provisions oi the collective agreement between the parties. The Employer raises t~o preliminary objections to the arb~trability o~ ~he grievance. Firstly, ~t asserts that the dec~sion a~ainst which the ~rievance is Jiled concerns ~he assignment o~ sta~i which is within the exclusive jurisdiction of management and, b)' virtue of the provisions of section ~S (~) of. the Cro~ Employ~ Coll~ve Barg~ning Act, R.S.O. ~9S0, c. 10~, ~ bey~d the jurisdiction of a board of arbitration. Secondly, the Employer argues that the grievance is not ~n relation to the lilling oi vacant position within the meaning of article 4 o{ the cottecdve a~reement which governs the job posting procedure for iiliing vacancies or new positions. In the Employer's vie~, lhe deployment o~ correctional oi{icers to the responsibilities of the newly-established treatment unit does not involve the cr~t~n oi a vacancy or of a new position, and on that b~is the grievance oi not arbitrable. The Union asserts that the ~rievance is arbitrable both within the scheme o{ the ~ Employ~ Co~ve B~g~ning A~ and the terms ol the collective agreement. Mr. Robert Stephens, a successful applicant for ~he assignment in dispute appeared as an inlervenor at the hearings, essentially endorsing the position of the Employer. It was agreed at the hearin'g that this decision would issue in relatic~ to the matter of arbitrabitity only, the hearing tc; be reconvened for the purposes of assessin~ the merits of the grievance should the Union's position prevail. There is no conflict with respect to the material fact.s. The ,Miltbrook Correctional Centre, located near Peterborou§h, Ontario, is the only maximum secMrity adult male correctional lacility operated in the province by the Ministw of Corr~t~ Services. With a capacity o~ 272 ~nmates, ~t is dedicated to the incarceration a~d rehabilitation of the mos~ serious o[ o¢¢enders~ incIud~ng inmates with particularly aggressive characteristics and, among Other, sexual oeEenders who are in need cE protective custody, The Centre is comprised o~ a number o~ l~v~n~ win~s within the walls ~s we~t as a twelve bed minimum security ~nnex located outside the wails o~ the Centre. ~nmate ~orkin8 areas include a we[din~ (abrication shop which manufactures barbecues used ~n provincial par~s as welt as automobile ]~cence p~ates, in edd~ti~ to a taiJoring shop which Eabricates inmate clothing. The bulk of the classified correctional staff consisted, at the time of the events givin~ rise to the grievance, of 93 correctional officers, most of whom ~alf ~vithin the classification o~ Correctional O~£icer 2 (CO2). Some junior o~icers, during ~heir first year o! service are classified as ~orrectiona! Officer ! (COl), pro§ressin~ to the rank ol CO2 upon the completion of their probationary year. These is also a limited number of o~icers ~t the hi§her classific&tion of Co~rectlona! O~icer 3, ~ener~lly assi§ned to hii~her responsibilities within the various se§merits of the Centre's operations. The classified correctional staf~ are scheduled on three eight hour shi~ts, day, evenin~ and n~ht, coverin§ ~ twenty-~our hour period, three hundred and slxty-~iYe days a year. The Correctional O~icer 2, ~vhose job title is "genera[ duty officer" performs a ran§e o~ dudes which are normally associated ~vith ~he responsibilities o~ a prison ~uard. The position specification for the classification C02 '~as filed ~n evidence and cont~ns, in part, ~he SUMMARY OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: 1~ (q0%) Performs general duties relating to the care, control and supervision o! inmates at a maximum security institution by: - Working alone or with assistance in various locations within the institution; providing control services on every one oi three or more shifts; taking over {rom outgoing officer, receivir~ instructions (oral or written depending on positior~ taken over, e.§. order [rom medica! centre re sleep watch on inmates would be written, as would orders restricting priviledges (sic) of inmate(s); verifying correct coun:; :aking charge ol a celi wing or tower grille entrance etc.? or other area; controlling inmate and/or staff movements in and out on basis of authorization; making rounds ?unchlng detex clocks (alter.qoon and midnight shirt), taking counts, keeping logs; observing ior irregularities affecting security, good order etc., such as breach of rules and security, suspicious conduct, escape attempts, iire hazards, otc,; deciding on appropriate action to be taken based on rules and regulations, precedent, nature oi incident, e.§. call for assistance in restraining inmate(s), reler to seniors, warn inmate(s), lay major misconduct charges, restore security, otc,; coverin§ incidents and own actions by submitting oral or written reporls; reporting on conduct and industry of inmates; attemptin§ to motivate inmates towards acceptance ot rules and reguiations~ contributing to inmates adjustment and rehabilitation by personal examples of speech, dress and conduct; as assigned assisting in the serving of meals to inmates~ loading wagons in kitchen ensuring all items are on each tray; transporting wagons to cell; taking meal to inmate(s); ensuring all inmates have the opportunity, to have the meal; checking that "special diet" inmates receive specified diets; checkin§ to ensure inmates on special diets do not attempt to switch meals; reporting any such successful attempts to medical centre; taking spoon count after mean and returning wagon to kitchen. 2. (t~0%) Provides correctional control and work supervision' of inmate work ~ovided by: - Receiving assignments and instructions from seniors re work to be performed, tools required, safety and security measures, etc.; working alone or with assistance; issuing tools or materials; demonstrating correct ::~ethods, etc.; keeping, cot]nt and signing in ~:qd ot:t slips i:~ controlling work parry count: covering i:~du*;tri,~:; ar:J :naintenance st~ff in supervising inmat,zs working ~:~ restr,:rt'd areas of the institution; or where inmate numbers arc larg;e enough to warrant or when security of institution would be pIaced in jeopardy; arranging for inmate welfare, special clothing, work breaks, etc.; searching inmates, shops and work are for evidence of contraband: N.B. Work parties generality] perlorm cleaning duties (scrub teams), carry supplies ~rom warehouse ally (sic) to kitchen, shovel snow, clean paths in small exercise yard winter) grasscutting, paper pick up, clean up Bail diamond, Horshoe (sic) pitch summer), etc. occasionally perform construction duties. 3. (10%) Performs patrol duties such a.~: - Acting as sentry or picket for outside work parties; carrying out watchman and security patrols of institution property, etc.; assisting in the security supervision of in,males during recreation, i.e. bal~ gar.nas, etc.: submitting oral or written reports covering aspects of each day, evening or night patrols and investigations to senior olSficer. (I0%) Performs other relates duties such as: - May drive institution vehicles as assigned and according to capabilities; may act as escort in the trans.~er and movement of inmates within the institution to and from other institutions, hospitals, interviews, etc.; may act as officer in charge of a large group o~ inmates arid in this capacity may direct and train lesser experienced officers; may take part in fire drills, master searches for contraband and for escapes; may be required to plow snow; sand roads, etc. on night shift so that morning shift can report to workl may assist in library; may provide informational and counselling to inmate at request of inmate, e.g. explaining method of applying for parole, how to obtain media services, etc. N.B. 1. Maximum security institution housing two classification groups, Security Risks or Behavioural problems. 2. On afternoon and night shift duty t!l normally wiI1 make up 90% of total time. SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO PERFORM THE WOk K Grade ~2 education. Preferably a de~,ree or a 2 year diploma tvith specialization in one o! the social sciences from a university of recognized standing or from a College o[ Applied Arts and Technology as applicable. One year of satisfactory experience as a correctional officer or acceptable equivalent and successfu] completion o[ prescribed stall training course. The events of recent years have seen a shi~ iq the :,~ake-up oF the inmate popu~.ation w~thin the MiJlbrook Correctional Centre. it is estimated that in !952 some three a.~d a half percent of segregated inmates su.~.~ered fr~)m some serious mental disorder. Dy ~957 that figure increased dramatically, so that now some twenty percent of segregated inmates are di. agnosed a.s su:[ferin§ from some active state ol psychosis. This dramatic change is attributed to two factors: changes in mental health legislation within the pr~¥Jnce and a contemporaneous reduction in the number o~ treatment beds available in the provincial institution for the treatment for the criminally insane at Penetanguishene. These adjustments have created a spill-over e~£ect which irnpacted on the number o~ inmates at Mil!brook in segregated confinement ~vho rec~uire treatment ~or emotional prob[ems or personality disorders. Prior to this change in inmate population the institution did not provide a program of active treatment for disturbed inrr~tes, ajthou§h one psychiatrist and two psychologists were on stall, presumably to provide services on an ad hoc basis. In early ~988 a decision to establish a dedicated treatment unit ~ithin the institution was implemented as a response to an obviously growing need. This decision involved a reorg~n~zstion of the Centre ~nto three units, ~enerally described as the upstairs correctiona] unit, the downstairs correctional unit and the ne~v treatment unit. The tre.:~t:'~ent ur~t ca,ne to be housed in what .~a,,; previously a detention wiq~ ~ti[ized ~or both p~n~sh~nent and the segregation of prisoners req,_~r~; protection. .Segre~.~ti.~ an:~ close conJinetaent were trans{erred to another area known 'as number 5 wing, It was determined that the manpower reorganization occasioned by these changes would require an increase in complement o! three additional correctional officer positions. Mana~emen~ decided tha~ ~ourteen cor~ectiona~ stall would be assigned to ~ork w~th]n the treatment unit and that the three ne~ positions would be a]iotted ~o the ~r~ati~ and close con~]nement [aci~ity being moved to number 9 wing. In the aggregate, therefore, ~s the Employer saw it, the complement al classified correctional officers would increase from 93 to 96. The three new pos}t}ons so created ~ere posted ~nt to the provisions al article ~ al the collective a~reement which provides, in pa~t, as follows: ARTICIJ5/~- POSTING AND FILLING OF VACANCIES OR NEW PosmoNs When a vacancy occurs in the Classified Service for a bargaining unit position or a new classified position is created in the bargaining unit, it shall be advertised for at least ten (I0) working days pr Jar to the established closing date when advertised within a ministry, or it shall be advertised for at least fifteen (15) working days prior to the established closing date when adver;ised service-wide. All applications will be acknowledged, Where practicable, notice of vacancies shall be p~ted on bulletin boards. The notice of vacancy shall state, where applicable, the nature and title o~ position, salary, qualifications required, the hours-of- work schedule as set out in Article 7 (Hours of Work), and the area in which the position exists. In filling a vacancy, the Employer shall give primary consideration to qualifications and ability to perform the required duties. Where qualifications and ability are relatively equal, length of co,~tin~ous service shall be a consideration. The three new correctional officer positions posted and filled in keeping with the ~ore§oin& provisions are not the subject of this [grievance. What this grievance concerns Js the selection of staff to work within the newly established treatment unit. Simply put, the position of the grJevor is that the iob assignments within the treatment unit are vacancies or new positions within the meanin§ of article ~, as a result of which they should have been posted and fi]led pursuant to the terms of that article. As noted above, the ~irst position of the ~,mp]oyer Js that the depJo?'ment o~ correctiona! o.f~icers to the treatment uqit is purely a ..m~zter o~ organization and assignment, which is not arbitrable havin§ regard to the terms of section ~$ of the Cro~ Employees Collective Bargaining Act which are as ~olio~vs; I~. {1) Every collective agreement shall be deemed to provide that it is the exclusive function of the employer to manage, which function, without limitin§ the generality of the foregoing, includes the right to determine, (a) employment, appointment, complement, organization, assignment, discipline, dismissal, suspension, work methods and procedures, kinds and loc~tior~s o! equipment and cJassification of positions; and (b) merit system, training and development, appraisal and superannuation, the. governing principles o~ which are subject to review by the employer with the bargain~n§ agent, and such matters will not be the subject of collective bargaining not come wizhin the jurisdiction of a board. (2) In addition to any other ri§hts of ~rievance under a collectiv, e agreement, an employee c~ai:ning~ (a) tha~ his position has bcc:~ i~;','~,-opcrly classil[ied; (b) that he .has been appraised contrary to tl~e governing principles arid standard,,,; or (c} that he has been disciplined or dismissed or suspended from his employment without just may process such matter in accordance with the grieva~me procedure provided in the collective agr~t, and failing final determination under such procedure, the matter r~y be processed in accordance with :he Drocedure for final determination applicabte unders_~.-~'ion. I9. The second position of the Employer, a]so hated a~ove, is that, apart ~ro,,n the arbi~rability of this matter under ~he Act, The a~mcation of correctiona~ officers to assignments w~thin the treatment unit does ~ot, in itself, constitute the cr~tion o~ new positions or the opening of vacancies, a condition precedent to the app~mti~ 6 of the collective agreement. In other words, the Employer maintains that the scheduling assignment of officers to work in the treatment unit is an internal administrative matter that does not require the posting of these positions, Employer's submission these assignments could be distributed to co~rectionat officers who showed a willingness and interest to assume them, aecording to the discretion management. In the Board's view this grievance can be disposed enti,rely on the basis of the application of article four of the collective agreement..Having regard to our conclusion with respect to that issue, it becomes unnecessary to deal with the competing positions of the parties with respect to the arbitrability of this dispute in light of the terms of section 15 of the Crown Employees Collective Bargaining Act. The issue to be addressed, tl:erefore, is whether the establish:Tremor of :!~e ~rv,~t:ne,~t unit at and the deptoyrnet~t o[ some 10 corr,~:criona} o~:icer¢ :o worl; ~:~ that area ,~! the Ce~:re involved the creation of new Dos[lions which rn'.Jst bt' posted and ~Jied in accordance with Jhe terms o! article ~ of the collective al;recreant. I! the evidence discloses the mere reassignment o! duties within already existing; positions, the posting procedure wouJd not apply and the grievance must [ail %~r. W.3. Cooney, Deputy Superintendent o,' the M]]Jbrook Correctional Centre gave evidence on beha~! o~ the Employer with respect to the method used to assign correctional o~icers to the ~reatment u~'t. M~s ev~d~nc~ establishes that notice of the establishment of the Treatment O~J~ was Dusted ~o t~e attention o~ all sta~ ~ ~u~y ;, 19S~ ~n the ~o]]ow~ng terms: RI:: I~LLBROOK TREAT~NT UNIT The iollowing information wil~ provide yo~ with an update on the Milibrook Treatment Unit. A professiona~ services building will be constructed prior to the end of March J95~, at the end of the Medical Wing. A copy of the design has been posted throughout the Institution. The building will contain seven (7) oflices ior treatment stali, a boardroom, and a lunchroom. This building will compliment the existing o~ices irs the Treatment Wing, some of which will be converted into group counselling rooms. The establishment of the Treatment Unit will require the f ol~owing changes: - The Detention Wing will be utilized as a Treatment Unit for the Institution, and tf5 wing will be used ~or segregation and close confinement purposes. - A number o~ additional professiona! staff complement have been approved to 'provide services to the Treatment Unit. These inctude: one psycholo)~ist (already recruited), one psychometrist, one social worker, one recreation oificer, and two nurses (to provide 2~-hour coverage for the Institution). Three additional c~assific'd c,~rr._,ctiona~ o,~fict:rs have a)so been allocated :o provide i:~rr.:ase:~ ::ovc'ra~?. for 1f5 se?,regation and close confiqt::nc'nt - Existin§ correctional o[[icer ,:,3~nplernent wilt be re- deployed in order to provide covera§e in f)5 wing and the Treatment Unit. - Competitions ~or the ne~ complement are ~n the process o~ being issued. Correctional o~icer sta~ing ~or the T~eat~nt Unit commence in 2anuacy, 1988, by means o~ an internal selection process, on a voluntary basis. Appropriate specialized training w~]] be provided ~or correctional and other sta~ ~'orkin~ in the Treatment Input ~or the training content ~ilI be invited ~rom sta~. .&t the present t~me, treatment pro,rams are be~n~ deve]oped and the Unit wJ~] be ~uI~)' opera~ona~ as soon ~s the add~ona] st~ are recruited. The introduction o~ a Treatment Unit wiil better equip MiHbrook C.C. ~o deal ~ith hard to manage inmates, and is a part o~ the overall increased dwust by the Ministry to provide enhanced treatment ~aci]ities and un,ts across the prov~nce. I~ you have any guestions, please contact me. "G.B. Pceston" Superintendent The evidence establishes that the duties and responsibilities of the correctional officers who are assi§ned to the Treatment Unit are generally consistent ~ith those the ~enera] du~y o[~icer rellected in the ~ob description reproduced ~bove. ]n this respect it can be s~id that the core ~unctions o~ the position o~ the ~enera] duty o~ficer and ~hose o~ the correctional o~ficer assigned to ~he Treazment Unit are substantially the s~me. There ~re also some differences. It is not disputed that the ~ssi~nment zo the Treatmen~ Unit does not involve the control and supervision o[ work parties. 'There are other differences es well Thecorrect~ona~ o~icer ~ss~ned to the Treatment Unit has a de~ree of inx, olveme~: ..v~:h ~,nat.p~ on t~e love] o~ work. For example, the o[[icer is expe,:ted t,~ atlend perio(t~: meeting, s d,_,,'~in~ w~th contribute and receive-4n~ormation that ,xqti 3ssist in the overall treatment o~ the inmates within the specialized unit. It was su~Eested~ without contradic[Jon~ that the o~f}cer so employed is in the nature of a pri2on guard who, aJbeit to a JimJted degree, exercises the sensibilities of a social worker. To this end, the fourteen officers who were se]ected ior the assignment were provided a two-day orientation con~unction with other professionals and para-pro/ess[onaJs working in the unit, as a means o~ orientation to the team approach to be The evidence [urther establishes that three custodial positions within the Centre, not in the Treatment Unit, have periodically been posted under the terms of ~tide ~ of the collective agreement. The first of these involves a position as a Driver, the second as an Assistant Admissions and Discharge Officer and the third as a Correctional Officer assigned to the minimum security annex located outside the walls o[ the Centre. tt appears clear to this Board that the duties and responsibilities ol alt three positio~s are substantially dillerent from those of the General Duty Officer. Indeed, it is not disputed that separate job specit~ications exist for bo-th the position of Driver and Assistant Admissions and Discharge Officer, While no comparable document has been prepared in respect of the Anne]( O[licer~ there appears to be little doubt that it constitutes a separate position. Given the reduced security ol the Annex, that position arguably does not in the strictest sense involve the "supervision ol inmates at a maximum security institution" within the meaning of the posit~on specification of the General Duty Officer. In this Board's view all three of these positions are clearly distinguishable from those of the General Duty Officer and, consequently, movement frmn tt~e latter position into any of these c~,~ fa. irlv bc characterized as a change of position w:r!~in :he institution. The parties re~erred the l~oard b.~ a muY~ber of report~'d de,;isions reJa~in/~ ~o whether a particular assignment constitut~t~ movement to a new or vacant ~t~ ~ ~ to invoke the application pi section ~ of the collective agreement, ~hile the c~ are o$ limited value inso[ar as they ~urn on the ~acts p~cticu[ar to them, they do con[~rm the generally accepted a~b~t~a] principle that the ~mp]oyer canno~ avoid the app[Jcati~ pi the job posting provisions of the collective agreement ~)' purporting to reassign employees to jobs w~thin the same position, ~'hen the assignment involves a clearly ~ ~ ~[~ · . different bundle of duties and ,~spons.b..,t~es, ~ear~n~ little or no relation to the . . ~' the ..~L,~ the rotation o~ employees through position ~rev~ous])' h_zd. By s~me ~,., di~[erent types pi assignments within a given position does not necessari[y constitute transfer to a new or d~[[erent position. For examp]e, in O~SEU (~ Thomp~n) ~d Cro~ in Right o~ ~tario (~nist~ o~ Tr~s~rtati~ ~d Co~unications [~ [/~, thb ~oard ~ound that the movement pi property agents in the property section pi the Ministry among three d~st~nct areas o~ service, ~nciud[n~ ]and appraisa[, n~ot)atio~ and land management did not constitute movement [rom one position to another ~ithin the meanin~ o~ article ~ o~ the collective a~reement. The Board denied the ~rievor's d~m that the EmpJoyer's Jajlure to rotate him into the appraisa] section was ~~t to a denia) o~ an opportunity to b~d on a vacancy, where a less senior agent ~as rotated ahead oJ him. In the l~oard's view the Thompso~ grievance is an instructive analogy for the purposes of the instant case. Given the cc~rnpiex nature pi many endeavours, whether ~ub~ic or private~ the duties and responsibilities that may ~enerally ~a~l w~tt~in a given position or job ~nav be quite varied. Some :~f th,, dt~t[es may constitute the btl~}< O[ an broad to ensure an adeqt~ate degree o[ flexi~ili~y a:~d ~nanpower depioymet~t is a critical employer interest. Boardso[ arbitration have, tt~ere[ore, been reluctant to [ind,~t clear direction within the terms of a collective agreement or a ~ob descripti~, that any adjustment in ~he duties o[ an employee ts necessarily tantamount to a change o[ position. The more general approach is to view a ~ob or position as a bundle of duties and responsibiJities, and [o acknowledge that a new Dos)lion ]s no~ necessarily created by a minor change in an employee's tasks, particularly where the core function of the iob remains the same. (See, ~eneraJiy, Children's A~d S~iety of the R~ion¢ Munici~ o~ York ~d ~tario Pubic Service Employees Union ~d its L~al 3g, an unreported decision oi a board of arbitratio~ cha~red by R.O. ~c~weU, dated February 7, i 926). Can it be said in the instant case that the adjustment in duties and responsibilities for those officers assigned ~o the t~eat:ne~t unit cor~stitu~es the creation of a new position? We think not. The preponderance of the evidence is that the task assigned to the officers remains, in essence, the general care, control and supervision of inmates within a maximum security institution in keeping with the general terms the position specification of the Genera~ Duty Officer. While it is tru~ :ha: the Correctional Officers selected to work within the treatment unit have a degree of involvement in a case work approach to ~he care of the inmates concerned, and in ~ instances m~y de~l with inmates more in the style of a social worker than a po]ice~, the change involved is not so fundamental that they can be said to ~ave been removed from the duties and responsibilities of ~he General Duty O~ficer and placed into a new ~ob. or [or that matter, a job that was previo.s!v v:~cant. Prior to the chance which ~vns ~mp~e'nent.~d in .-~pril of 1933, thc' ~n:r,;~.:". :~o,v ~:~ ~h~' Trcr.~t~nc'~t i)~t ..~.r:. treatment are pieced in a designated ;nodal}e, and that the correcti~a} of/Jce~ who deal ' w~th them have, after two days of orie~tation, n d,mree of responsibility re oversee them in a r~anner consistent ~'ith the genera'. Dh~'.e~.~%y :~ the treatment not, Of :tse~[,' ' so ...... .-~:~0~_ the duties and resanns~b~t~'~< of "~n. o[s:~cers con.~emed as to create an entirely di~[erent ~os~t~on. The aersoqs :zss~ne:: to the treatment unit in the job description wh~c[~ applies to a Rener~~. 4:~v .~Jf[cer :~ a maximum sec,.:r~tv institution. We cannot conclude, on based on the art. dance before ~he Board, that the establishment of the treatment unit and the ass]~n:r, ent of correctional of[icem to work within it constitute the creation o['vacancms or new classi[ied positions tv[thin the meaning ol article ~ of the collect[va agreement. There was. there[are, no obii~ati~ to post the assignment of correctional of J]cers to the "4J}}broe:: Treatment lin Jr, and no violation DJ the collective a~raement is disclosed. For these reasons the grievance must be dismissed. DATED at Toronto this 20 day of ~arch, 1989, MicheYG. Picher - V~c~-Cha i rp~rso~ S.R. H,,nnossv, Hember